Laser restores your youth.

More and more people want to use lasers. For example, those who want to remove wrinkles and make their skin white and delicate. Even the old face of those centuries ago wanted to restore its past wind with new technology, of course, referring to those ancient portraits. A sophisticated laser smoothing technology can remove the dirt that has been deposited on paintings for centuries (atmospheric dust, various organic and inorganic molecules, mold, etc.). Today, a small beam seems to be the best tool for mending. It can remove half a micron surface and does not damage the color of the work, which makes the old paintings reproduce the original brilliance.

In order to repair a painting in seventeenth Century, Kos, a Greek scientist, director of electronic structure and Laser Research Institute of University of Crete, used excimer laser. In this device, the working material of the laser beam is composed of excimer gas, and krypton and fluorine are needed when necessary. The energy of excitation is provided by pulse discharge. The energy absorbed by the gas atom forms very unstable molecules (molecules in the excited state, and the lifetime is generally not more than 10. ^-6 Up to 10 ^-7 Seconds. This energy is immediately released in the form of laser radiation, and the molecules are quickly blown to pieces, returning to the ground state atoms. The laser produced by these lasers is usually in the ultraviolet region, and the diameter of the laser beam can reach nanometer level.

Reappearance of the past:

The two portrait on the right is the Greek painting of seventeenth Century. It is the situation before and after the laser cleaning by Kostas and University of Crete. The above figure shows the principle of cleaning. Cleaning a large amount of energy in a small area makes the repair technology more detailed and more important.

Krypton - fluorine laser beams can remove the dust accumulated in ancient paintings for centuries with accuracy of microns. The removed matter is dispersed in the air in the form of a single electron and nucleus.

Building buildings with gas:

The above is a miniature Eiffel Tower replicated by chemical vapor deposition. "Building material" is a laser heated gas. After several chemical reactions, the gas solidifies into a material layer.Compared with the match head in the above picture, the size and structure of the tower can be compared.

High tech miniature souvenirs: the above is the equipment used for chemical vapor deposition technology for making micro objects. The device is placed on an active plane, making the thin layer as if desired on the precision lathe.

Super atoms capable of braking light

Lena Hao has developed a device that can make matter condensed into a new state. First, the speed of light is reduced by about 20 million times (instantaneous speed of 60 km). Then, further improvement of technology can even stop the speed of light.

The existence of condensed matter was foreseen by Einstein and India physicist boson in 1924.According to their theory, when a group of atoms is placed under a very low temperature high vacuum, the relative distance between them is reduced to the shortest. The atom loses the identity of a single particle and behaves like a single "super atom", which is somewhat like a laser. However, in recent years, the development of science and technology has made it possible to acquire the new state of matter known as Bose Einstein condensation. In order to develop a new state of halo, it is necessary to achieve a vacuum condition of 100 trillion times lower than the atmospheric pressure. The temperature is at least 100 million times lower than the interstellar temperature, so as to approach the absolute temperature zero (-273.15 C). At this temperature, the energy of the atoms is very few, and in fact they have ceased to move.

The principle of Jack

Since toothpaste tubes did not exist in the seventeenth Century, it was doubted whether Blaise Pascal (Blaise Pascal, 1623-1662), a famous French scientist and philosopher, put forward the Pascal principle, whether he was meditating on its function every morning.

However, it is certain that many other effects related to liquid static pressure can not escape his attention, first of all, the principle of hydraulic cranes.

Engineers used this type of machine long ago. Today, as long as they are in a car park or gas station, a hydraulic crane can be seen, and it can lift a car with the strength of a child. Let's see how this device works and try to make an instrument for experiment.

Please look at Figure 2. Use a tube hand to connect two containers filled with liquid (water or oil).One container has a large cross section and the other container has a very small cross section, assuming that it is 1000 times smaller than the previous section. If a piston (A) presses down a small container liquid level, the liquid will be subjected to a pressure. The pressure will be transferred to any other part of the liquid surface according to its original size. Of course, it will also include the surface of the liquid contacted with the piston (B) in a large cross-section container. The pressure is equal to the force divided by the area of action.

According to Pascal's principle, the pressure of piston A is equal to the pressure of piston B, and because the area of piston B is 1000 times larger than that of piston A, the force acting on it should be 1000 times larger than that of A. Therefore, in order to lift a 1 ton truck, only 1 kilograms of force is enough. Many devices such as hydraulic brakes, compressors, jacks and pumps for automobiles benefit from this principle.

A small experiment to verify Pascal's principle

With two syringes that remove needles, we can make a small hydraulic device at home.

For example, a crude syringe with a cross-section of 5 cm2 and a small syringe with a cross-section of 0.5 cm2 is used to connect their openings with thick and short pipes. According to Pascal's principle, the conversion coefficient of force is about 10. Fill the syringe with water, oil or other liquids, that is, all the space between the two pistons, and notice that the bubbles are removed.Then ask your friend to squeeze one of the two pistons with thumb, while you squeeze the other piston with your thumb. We can call this little game the "iron thumb contest" or "Pascal's thumb contest". Of course, whoever squeezed tiny syringes will win without effort. If you have the ability of creativity and experimentation, you can use a spring dynamometer or weighing scale (as shown in Figure 3) to try to measure the pressure exerted on one of the two pistons (or with a weight larger than the friction force between the piston and the syringe wall), verify the Pascal principle and see whether the pressure on both sides is equal. Do not forget to subtract the value from the measured value before the squeezing syringe, which is equivalent to the active part of the system, that is, the weight of the piston plus the liquid.

Finally, if you want to verify the effectiveness of such a device as a pressure vessel, you can put a walnut between the scale plate and the big piston: you will see that the pistons squeezing the small syringe can crush the walnut easily.

With this small machine, we can accomplish the great work of "Haig Lis" (the son of Jose, the great power of which has accomplished 12 heroic achievements). Prepare a closed cask full of liquid (no air is left, because the air will be compressed under pressure), you can start demonstrating to your friends. Connect the liquid filled wooden barrel with a small syringe and a small tube that is also filled with liquid. You will see that the latter two can break the barrel in an instant. We try to figure out an account: a common syringe with a cross section of 0.5 square centimeters, the pressure exerted on the piston by thumb is 20 kilograms (by weighing scales, it is not difficult to achieve this weight), and the resulting pressure is 40 atmospheres. Few cask can withstand such pressure. A farmer regretted finding this phenomenon. He wanted to transport valuable wine from his country cottage to a friend's house at the foot of a mountain less than 30 meters by a long thin tube.Everything went smoothly: the barrel of the friend's house was filled with wine, but then the pressure in the liquid tube quickly broke the barrel, and the wine soaked the house.

Neon and fluorescent lamps

The city's night is dressed up neon lights, this is a gas discharge lamp. When making neon lights, the gas in the slender glass tube with electrodes is first extracted, and then filled with emotional gases (helium, neon, nitrogen) or mercury vapor. In this way, when the electrodes of neon are added high voltage, the electrons in the electrodes escape under the action of electric field and hit the gas atoms, and a large number of gas atoms are excited and ionized, thus filling the energy.These energies are released in the form of light radiation, and neon lights will emit light.

The color of the neon light is determined by the type of charged gas: the red light emitted by neon gas and the measuring unit of the light emitted by helium. In order to analyze the optical radiation, some physical quantities that can correctly express the brightness of the light are needed. In common parameters, luminous flux (LM is the lumen symbol) reflects the effect of light and radiation on human eyes. Technically, the definition of lumens is more complicated: the power is 1 watts (the 1 watt here does not refer to the power consumption but the power of light radiation) the luminous flux generated by the monochromatic light source at 555 nm is 683 lumens.

Refine on

In the lab above, the bulb is lit for dozens of hours. The researchers used this method to test the life of the bulb, in order to study the way to improve its performance. The right picture is a halogen lamp used for vehicle headlights. The application of driving lights is simulated by centrifugal force.

Another common parameter is the illumination of light (the lux symbol is LX, which reflects the magnitude of the radiation received on the unit area. The luminous flux on the surface area of 1 square meters is 1 lumens. The illuminance of light is 1 lux.

According to the above definition, the illuminance of brilliant sunset is about 130 thousand lux: the lowest luminous flux of incandescent lamp is 2 lumens, the highest is 6 lumens. In order to achieve the best effect of lighting in a reading room, the illuminance of the lamp should reach at least 200 lux. For a dentist, 2200 lux is needed to do well. After half an hour of adaptation to darkness, the human eye can see objects illuminant only 0.007 lux. Yellow light, argon or mercury vapor emit blue light. Mercury vapor is also used for a completely different light from neon lights, which is fluorescent lamps, although the two lights are often confused.

Synthetic colors

Above, the female researcher is using a spectrometer to analyze the emission spectrum of a blue fluorescent lamp. To determine its color accurately. Architects will use this lamp to create special lighting effects for buildings.

The fluorescent lamp has two plugs at both ends, and the volume is large. The ballast's function is to control the current of the fluorescent lamp not to burn too much and burn the filament. The shapes of fluorescent lamps are varied, including spherical, cylindrical, U shaped, annular and so on. The luminance has a certain delay time before reaching the maximum value. The biggest advantage of fluorescent lamps is that they can save electricity bills. In fact, its luminous efficiency is 4-6 times that of traditional incandescent lamps, and is 10 times longer than that of incandescent lamps. The working principle of fluorescent lamps is similar to neon lamps. The difference is that the mercury vapor filled in it not only emits weak blue light, but also emits strong ultraviolet radiation. When these ultraviolet rays are irradiated into the fluorescent material layer covered on the inner wall of the fluorescent lamp, the fluorescent material absorbs the energy of ultraviolet radiation, and excite the electrons in the fluorescent material to the high energy level. When these electrons are then transferred to the low energy level, the absorbed energy will be released in visible light, and the fluorescent lamp will also give off bright light. Despite the advantages of saving electricity, the pollution of mercury vapor in fluorescent lamps is a problem that can not be ignored.

A modern female magician who controls light speed.

It has been considered impossible in the past to reduce the speed of light to zero, but this problem has made Lena Ho world-famous. She has succeeded in slowing down the speed of light until the light stops completely, and finally restarts the light. This significant new achievement, even if the physics world is ecstatic, makes computer producers excited.

According to Einstein's theory of relativity, the fastest material movement in the world is the speed of light, the light travels 299 thousand and 790 kilometers per second, and the distance from the earth to the sun 150 million kilometers, and the light travels less than 8 minutes. In 1999, scientists carried out a revolutionary experiment, first slowing down the speed of light, almost the same speed as that of urban highways (60 kilometers per hour), and even letting light stop directly in 2001. This may not seem possible, but it is true. Please do not forget that the speed of light propagation is not static, but varies in different media. The fastest speed of light can be achieved only in a vacuum and thin substance space, as in air. As the density of the penetrating medium increases, the speed of light slows down, and the speed of light slows down by about 30% in water than in vacuum. From a scientific point of view, such slowing down is of great importance, but in ordinary optical materials, there is a certain degree of slowing down of light speed, which generally slows down to a fraction of the original. The speed of light in ordinary media is still too high compared with the speed involved in conventional experiments. The experimenter of slowing down the speed of light is a 41 year old Danish female scientist and Lena Ho, a professor of physics at Harvard University in the United States. She is also the head of a research team at Cambridge's LeneHau.

Ein schwarzes Loch zeigt allmählich sein Gesicht

Es wird angenommen, dass es viele schwarze Löcher im Zentrum vieler Galaxien, einschließlich der Milchstraße, gibt. Viele Bilder unterstützen diese Vermutung. Wir können beobachten, dass sich einige Substanzen im Raum um ein Zentrum drehen, was die Existenz eines Gravitationszentrums, eines schwarzen Lochs anzeigt. Die Röntgenstrahlung, die von dem schwarzen Loch und seinen Begleitsternen ausgeht, wird auf ein deutlicheres Niveau gebracht. Das erste schwarze Loch, das gefangen wird, ist Cygnus X-1, das sechsmal so groß ist wie die Masse der Sonne und 8000 Lichtjahre von der Erde entfernt. Der Begleitstern dieses schwarzen Lochs ist ein blauer Supergigant mit einer Masse von mehr als 20-mal so viel wie die Sonne. Der von ihm emittierte Staub bildet eine Gasscheibe namens "Akkumulationsdiskus", die die Akkretionsscheibe ist, die die Existenz eines schwarzen Lochs anzeigt.

In unserer Galaxie haben andere Himmelskörper auch Zertifikate vorgelegt, die ihre Identität in schwarzem Loch aufzeigen. Zum Beispiel hat AO620-00, der 8000 Lichtjahre von der Erde entfernt ist, noch nicht den Abstand von x 3 - 3 - 9 - 4 der Erde gemessen, mit zwei Himmelskörpern, die neben dem Magellanschild -- - der L - cm - X - X und der L - M - C - X - 3. In anderen außergalaktischen Galaxien finden sich auch schwarze Löcher. Sie saugen mit einer Geschwindigkeit von Zehntausenden von Kilometern pro Sekunde interstellare Gase ein und emittieren starke Jets.

Das höchste bekannte schwarze Loch ist die M87-Galaxie, die 5-Milliarden-mal so groß ist wie die Sonne und sich in der Jungfrau befindet. Vor diesem schwarzen Loch ist unser Planet so leicht wie eine Feder.

Der Kern vieler Galaxien kann eine beträchtliche Anzahl von schwarzen Löchern enthalten, wie der Kern der Milchstraße, wo viele alte Sterne ein gemeinsames Grab teilen. Ein schwarzes Loch zu verifizieren ist der Schütze A. Es ist ein binäres System, und es sollte eine riesige Akkretionsscheibe haben und kann riesige Energie emittieren. Obwohl es sich nicht traut, mit den Entitäten der M87-Galaxie zu konkurrieren, ist es auch sehr klein. Seine Qualität mag 3 Millionen 500 tausend bis 5 Millionen Mal höher sein als die der Sonne.

Ein schwarzes Loch zeigt allmählich sein Gesicht

Es wird angenommen, dass es viele schwarze Löcher im Zentrum vieler Galaxien, einschließlich der Milchstraße, gibt. Viele Bilder unterstützen diese Vermutung. Wir können beobachten, dass sich einige Substanzen im Raum um ein Zentrum drehen, was die Existenz eines Gravitationszentrums, eines schwarzen Lochs anzeigt. Die Röntgenstrahlung, die von dem schwarzen Loch und seinen Begleitsternen ausgeht, wird auf ein deutlicheres Niveau gebracht. Das erste schwarze Loch, das gefangen wird, ist Cygnus X-1, das sechsmal so groß ist wie die Masse der Sonne und 8000 Lichtjahre von der Erde entfernt. Der Begleitstern dieses schwarzen Lochs ist ein blauer Supergigant mit einer Masse von mehr als 20-mal so viel wie die Sonne. Der von ihm emittierte Staub bildet eine Gasscheibe namens "Akkumulationsdiskus", die die Akkretionsscheibe ist, die die Existenz eines schwarzen Lochs anzeigt.

In unserer Galaxie haben andere Himmelskörper auch Zertifikate vorgelegt, die ihre Identität in schwarzem Loch aufzeigen. Zum Beispiel hat AO620-00, der 8000 Lichtjahre von der Erde entfernt ist, noch nicht den Abstand von x 3 - 3 - 9 - 4 der Erde gemessen, mit zwei Himmelskörpern, die neben dem Magellanschild -- - der L - cm - X - X und der L - M - C - X - 3. In anderen außergalaktischen Galaxien finden sich auch schwarze Löcher. Sie saugen mit einer Geschwindigkeit von Zehntausenden von Kilometern pro Sekunde interstellare Gase ein und emittieren starke Jets.

Das höchste bekannte schwarze Loch ist die M87-Galaxie, die 5-Milliarden-mal so groß ist wie die Sonne und sich in der Jungfrau befindet. Vor diesem schwarzen Loch ist unser Planet so leicht wie eine Feder.

Der Kern vieler Galaxien kann eine beträchtliche Anzahl von schwarzen Löchern enthalten, wie der Kern der Milchstraße, wo viele alte Sterne ein gemeinsames Grab teilen. Ein schwarzes Loch zu verifizieren ist der Schütze A. Es ist ein binäres System, und es sollte eine riesige Akkretionsscheibe haben und kann riesige Energie emittieren. Obwohl es sich nicht traut, mit den Entitäten der M87-Galaxie zu konkurrieren, ist es auch sehr klein. Seine Qualität mag 3 Millionen 500 tausend bis 5 Millionen Mal höher sein als die der Sonne.

Schwarze Löcher können intermarry.

In das Schwarze Loch gelangen Sternenstaub, Gas, Licht, Raumschiffe mit RoboterAstronauten und Müll, der in Energie umgewandelt werden soll. In jedem Fall erhöht die gefangene Materie nur die Masse des schwarzen Lochs selbst und erweitert gleichzeitig seinen Radius und seine Oberfläche.Wenn sich die Masse verdoppelte, verdoppelte sich der Radius, und der Horizont stieg um vier Mal.Wird es für immer wachsen? Das Eishocken gab zunächst eine kategorische Antwort: Da bewiesen wird, dass das Schwarze Loch nicht wieder schrumpfen wird, wird es unendlich weiter wachsen. Da es kontinuierlich ist, ist die Zunahme schrittweise. Aber es gibt einen speziellen Fall, das heißt, zwei schwarze Löcher können in Kontakt miteinander sein und kollidieren. Im Prozess der gegenseitigen Anziehung, ein schwarzes Loch in ein anderes schwarzes Loch. Die beiden schwarzen Löcher werden ein einziges schwarzes Loch, und alle Komponenten der beiden schwarzen Löcher werden erhalten. Das größere schwarze Loch kann mit einem anderen schwarzen Loch kollidieren und so weiter, wodurch ein schwarzes Loch von Masse und Volumen entsteht. Es wird angenommen, dass im Prozess der Kollision etwa 1/1000 der statischen Energie des Schwarzen Lochs freigesetzt wird und sie in Form von Gravitationswellen in den Kosmos emittiert wird. Wie Geschwindigkeit und Licht dehnt sich ihr Bereich aus und die Entropie des schwarzen Lochs nimmt zu. Mit anderen Worten, das innere Chaos wächst, d.h. Informationen über eingeatmete Substanzen können nicht verwendet oder behoben werden, als ob ein Computer versehentlich die Buchstaben eines neu geschriebenen Artikels durcheinander gebracht hat. Es gibt also nur drei Botschaften, die in schwarzen Löchern beschrieben werden können: Masse, Drehimpuls (Drehung von schwarzen Löchern) und Ladung. Wheeler verglich diese Information mit kahlem Kopf mit nur drei Haaren. Wir konnten nicht verstehen, was das Material war. Auf der Grundlage dieser drei Arten von Informationen können wir schwarze Löcher klassifizieren: das Schwarzschildloch ohne Drehimpuls und ohne Ladung. Es hat die Eigenschaften von "Singularität" und "Horizon"; das Kerr-Schwarze Loch mit Winkelhimpuls, aber ohne Ladung; und das schwarze Loch mit Drehimpuls und Ladung.Es kann auch vom Ursprung der schwarzen Löcher unterschieden werden. Aber die neueste Klassifikation basiert auf "Farbe". Wie kann ein schwarzes Loch ohne einen Lichtstrahl farbig sein?In der Tat sind die hier genannten Farben nicht die Farben der üblichen Rot, Blau, Grün und so weiter, sondern werden verwendet, um die verschiedenen Farben von Quarks zu unterscheiden.Quarks sind kleinere Elementarteilchen, aus denen Protonen und Neutronen bestehen. Für unsere Himmelsphysiker beginnt das Streben nach verschiedenen Farben von schwarzen Löchern im Prozess der Verfolgung unendlich simpel bis unendlich und von Unendlichkeit bis Unendlichkeit.

Schwarze Löcher sind gefärbt.

Wissenschaftler haben immer gedacht, dass es unmöglich ist, die Art der Materie zu verstehen, die von einem schwarzen Loch absorbiert wird, aber die neuesten Theorien halten, dass schwarze Löcher Informationen auf diese Weise liefern können, weil schwarze Löcher Partikel wie Gluonen aussenden. Gluon ist der Transmitter der Quark-Bindung und Quark ist das Grundteilchen der Materie. Da Quarks und Gluonen nach "Farbe" unterschieden werden, kann die gleiche Weise verwendet werden, um schwarze Löcher nach der Art der Gluonen zu spalten, die sie entladen.Dieses Diagramm stellt eine Reihe von Gluonen (farbige Pellets) aus einem schwarzen Loch heraus.

The story of American physicist Franklin

Franklin (Benjamin Franlin, 1706~1790) is an American scientist, physicist, inventor, statesman and social activist. Born in January 27, 1706 to a worker's family in Boston. His father was an English immigrant who made soap and candles. Because of the poor family, he dropped out of school and became an apprentice from 8 years old. He worked as an apprentice at the age of 12 from his brother's printing office, and he worked in printing for a long time. He studied hard and said, "reading is my only entertainment." He often went to other people or bookstores to borrow books, read late at night, and returned in the early morning. He once wrote a pen name, Richard Saunders, and the newspaper editor thought that the article was "from famous masters." He not only learned all kinds of knowledge from books, but also wandered around New York, London and Philadelphia to learn in social life. When he was 21 years old, he founded the first youth self-study group in North America, called "co reading society". He organized workers, technicians, shoemaker, bricklayer and poet to discuss philosophy, science, technology, literature and art issues every Friday on Friday. The group later developed into the American Philosophical Society founded in 1743. He was elected president of the association in 1769. At the age of 25, he founded the first public library in North America in Philadelphia, and later developed into a public library in North America. At the age of 45, he founded the Philadelphia College (later University of Pennsylvania).

As politicians, there are many important events in the US and world history related to Franklin. He played a major role in the war of independence in North America. He was one of the founders of the United States and participated in the drafting of the declaration of independence and the constitution of the United States. In the 1776~1785 year he sent to France, his scientific reputation and extensive knowledge were very helpful to his diplomatic mission. Under his efforts, the League of American law was concluded in 1778. In 1787, he was elected the representative of the constituent assembly and served as the highest administrative speaker of Pennsylvania. He actively opposes the oppression and enslavement of black people, and actively advocates abolishing the black slave system.

He has won many honors in his life. In 1753, he received the Copley medal from the Royal Society and received an honorary degree from Harvard University and Yale University in the same year. In 1756, he was elected a member of the Royal Society. He was elected foreign academician of the French Academy of Sciences in 1772 and was elected to the foreign Academy in Petersburg Academy of Sciences in 1789.

His main scientific work is in electricity. It only took about ten years in his life. During the 1743~1744 years, Franklin and Spencer in Philadelphia saw a simple electrical experiment made by Spencer, A.SPence from Scotland, using glass tubes and Leiden bottles. He bought all the exhibits, and Ke Linsen, a friend he met in London's Royal Society, learned a lot of books, electricity books and some equipment that rubbed the electricity from Peter Cdlinson. Franklin and his friends from the Philadelphia Philosophical Association carried out many electrical experiments and theoretical explorations.

Franklin made many important contributions in electricity. He made a systematic cleaning up of many chaotic electrical knowledge, such as electricity generation, transfer, induction, storage, charging and discharging, through experiments. He has linked many Leiden bottles to store more electric charges. He used experiments to prove that the number of charges inside and outside the Leiden bottles is equal and the electrical property is opposite. In his letter to Ke Linsen in May 25, 1747, he put forward the theory of single fluid of electricity, and used mathematical positive and negative to express excess or lack of such electric current. He also believes that the friction is only a charge transfer rather than creation, and the positive and negative charge of the charge must be strictly equal. This idea later developed into one of the basic laws of electricity -- the law of conservation of charge. He used this theory to explain the principle of capacitors with dielectric.

Franklin's second major contribution was to unify the power of the earth and the earth's electricity, and thoroughly eradicate people's fear of thunder and lightning. In 1749, when his wife Lida was watching the Leiden bottle tandem experiment, he accidentally encountered the metal pole on the Leiden bottle and was knocked down by electric sparks. He was ill for a week, making him more determined to explore the essence of the thunder. On the one hand, he enumerated the similarities between 12 electrostatic sparks and lightning sparks. On the one hand, he gave experimental proof through the box office experiment and the kite experiment (June 1752). One of his letters was read and read by Ke Linsen at the Royal Society. At the beginning, he was laughed at and sceptical. Later, his paper "electrical experiment and research" published, especially the kite experiment, sensed Europe and made people see that electricity is a science with broad prospects. Lightning rod has also become an important technological achievement in breaking away from superstition and conquering nature, and promoting the development of electricity and electrotechnics.

Franklin has a wide interest in nature. He studied the heat conduction of objects (especially metals), the propagation of sound in water, and the method of getting low temperature by evaporation. He also studied the transplant of plants and the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. When crossing the Atlantic, he observed the influence of the Gulf warm current on the climate, measured the velocity and temperature of the sea water and so on.

As an inventor, he invented the elevated book collector, double focus glasses used by the elderly, three wheeled clocks and so on.

In April 17, 1790, he died in Philadelphia. He wrote the epitaph for himself, calling himself "printer Franklin" without mentioning his important position in his later life. But French economist Jacques Turaot wrote him such a compliment: "from the sky, we have gained thunder and lightning, and gained civil rights from tyrants."

Famous American physicists write books to pick up the unconscious.

According to Xinhua News Agency special telegram, intuition is not right, inexplicably attracted by strangers. Why are these? In the new subconsciousness: the new subconscious revolution, American theoretical physicist Leonard Mlodinow reveals the power of the subconscious and its influence on human behavior.

Powerful

Mlodinow worked with British famous physicist Stephen Hocking in his brief history of time and the grand plan.

In his new book, he wrote, the research shows that the brain continues to process countless perceptions, feelings and thoughts, from tiny muscle movements to standing posture, to various thoughts in the brain, such as "whether the guy is friendly", "whether it rains today" or "whether it is harmful or not" and so on, processing about 11 million bits per second. We only know 5% of them, and the other 95% is outside consciousness, that is, the unconscious.

The subconscious mind notices information that the mind does not notice. Therefore, people may have some intuition about business partners or strangers. We think this feeling is inexplicable, but actually it is based on millions of bytes of information observed by the subconscious mind, such as the tiny changes in the body language of the other person, the smell of some memories, the tone of voice, the way to dress, the attitude and the behavior, and so on. It is the information that the brain collects when you do not realize it.

feel

Mlodinow further explained the role of the brain's subconscious mind. Taking hearing as an example, pitch, timbre, tone and speed affect people's subconscious judgement of others' mood and character. People think that they are listening to what the other person is saying. In fact, the subconscious is affecting the judgement of a person based on the quality analysis of the other's voice.

People subconsciously think that people who have high pitched voice are less honest, less decisive and more nervous than those with low voice; slow speaking people are less sincere and less persuasive, and faster people are smarter and more confident. The findings also show that women clearly feel that men with low voice are more attractive.

Another example is tactile sensation. People are born with the highest degree of tactile development, and have an important impact on people from beginning to end. As busy modern people, you may have no impression of those who pass by, but the subconscious mind clearly remember this feeling. Researchers found a special nerve fiber in human skin, especially in the skin of the face and arm, which specifically transmitted the pleasant feeling of touching each other in social activities. However, due to the slow transmission of signals, people even had little time to record, but only subconsciously.

For example, if men touch women's arms first and then dance in nightclubs, the success rate will be higher.

mood

Subconscious influences people's mood. Researchers have done experiments like this: find wine that is not related to taste, and let volunteers taste with their eyes. Brain scans showed that even if a cheap wine was being sampled, if volunteers were told that the tasting liquor was expensive, the orbitofrontal cortex located at the back of the eye would be more active, which would be a pleasant experience.

Subconsciously, people feel that the wine with high price tastes better. So though the brain senses the taste of wine carefully, millions of messages collected from the taste are transmitted to the brain and then returned to the subconscious mind.

Love is sometimes influenced by the unconscious. When you meet a charming person, the subconscious quickly integrates all the information about you and the other's physical state, social environment, and the emotions you are generating. A summary of feelings is sent to consciousness: you like each other or don't like it.

However, the subconscious mind sometimes makes mistakes. When people are scared, the pulse speeds up, the adrenaline level increases dramatically, and the subconscious mind confuses the reaction with the sexual attraction. In one experiment, many volunteers met for the first time. One group was on steep Zhanqiao, the other on flat ground. The former had a higher probability of exchanging telephone numbers than the latter.

Chinese physicists predict that the universe will be destroyed in 16 billion 700 million years.

According to the British Daily Mail, according to the doomsday prediction of Chinese theoretical physicists, mysterious dark energy will tear the universe to pieces. In the first two months of the world, the earth will be torn by the sun, and the moon will be torn apart by the earth in the first 5 days. 28 minutes before the end of the day, the sun will be destroyed 16 minutes before Earth's destruction.

Dark energy is a mysterious energy in theory. It is believed to be filled with every corner of the universe. This energy is believed to account for about 70% of the universe. Physicists put forward the so-called "big tear" theory, explaining how dark energy destroys the entire universe. According to this theory, dark energy will destroy everything along the way, and it will tear the galaxy 32 million 900 thousand times in the first two years before the end of the universe.

It is believed that dark energy accounts for about 70% of the total universe, providing an explanation for how galaxies are destroyed. The large tearing theory holds that the pressure density ratio of dark energy is less than -1, and it will expand indefinitely in a finite time. If dark energy rejects gravity, it will be bad news for the universe.

mathematical principles of natural philosophy

Music is the lubricant of life. With 7 notes, you can make up the moving movement and produce wonderful effects. The study found that although music is only a combination of several notes, it can always make the sound wave oscillate at about 35dB, and the energy generated by it can regulate the environment and promote metabolism in the body. Music can also stabilize people's emotions, eliminate people's psychological tension, make people energetic, and better work and learn.

To better give people artistic enjoyment, musicians and architects work together to design and build some wonderful buildings.

Music Bridge

In the city of TOYOTA, Aichi, Japan, there is a remarkable music bridge. It was designed by a middle school student and modified by experts.

The length and width of the whole bridge are 31m and 2.5m respectively, and the guardrails on both sides are very exquisite. They are equipped with 109 different sizes of acoustic barriers. Interestingly, people who cross the bridge can hear the pleasant French song "bridge" by hitting the side of the railings with their hands, knocking on the other side of the fence when returning, so that they can hear the beautiful Japanese folk song "Hometown".

bandstand

There is a picturesque landscape in the outskirts of Paris, which attracts people who are on holiday. In particular, a delicate music Pavilion is more attractive.

When a person enters a pavilion, his feet will be placed on different parts of the ground. The wonderful music will be loud and intoxicating. If the tourist can step on the different parts of the pavilion regularly according to a certain tune, he will be able to play the melody he wants.

Music tower

There is a tall tower of music in the city of Suo Lok, on the banks of the Diego River in Hungary. The ingenuity of the construction department is ingenious, and several kinds of wind instruments have been carefully installed at the top of the tower.

Whenever there is a wind blowing, the sound of music will be sent from the wind instrument, as if there is a band playing on it.

Music wall

When it comes to Marseille, France, people know that there is a famous music wall in the city. It is a product of the combination of science and music, playing music through computers. Because of the large number of notes and phrases stored in the computer, a compose music system is formed.

The computer inside the wall can synthesize different musical sounds according to various actions made by pedestrians through the wall, or magnificent, elegant or delicate, or bold and bold.

Music staircase

In the capital city of New Delhi, India, there is a beautiful seven story building with different staircases and wonderful music.

Originally, when architects were designing and feeding, they specially selected granite tiles that could make music when they beat and resonated with excellent performance to make stairs. Due to careful design, each staircase has its own fixed scale and pitch, so when people climb up and down the stairs, the stampede will keep loud and pleasant.

The musical works in architectural history include the echo wall of the Tiantan Park in Beijing, the three tone stone masterpiece, and the echo wall, the three tone stone and the circular hill of the Tiantan Park in our capital Beijing. They are also very beautiful sound phenomena.

Ten wonderful foods that make you less sick.

Release time: 2014-11-05     Editor: biology team     Source: Internet & contribution

Food not only has the function of starvation but also has the function of health care. Different foods have different health effects. Chinese medicine diet balance, the following 10 kinds of food you may eat more, you can protect your health, less sick.
1. Berry fruit
According to the US Department of agriculture, blueberries are the highest antioxidants, followed by blackberries and strawberries in second place. The color of berries is two, dairy products.
Dairy products are not only good foods that provide calcium, but also contain large amounts of protein, vitamins (including vitamin D) and minerals. These elements are the key elements in the fight against osteoporosis. The US nutrition directive recommends that you consume 3 portions of low-fat dairy products every day. At the same time, it is recommended that daily weight bearing exercises be done to strengthen the bones.
Three. Lipid fish
Fish contain a large amount of Omega-3 fatty acids. These fish include salmon, tuna. This fatty acid can fight diseases, help reduce blood fat, and prevent blood coagulation associated with heart disease.
Four, vegetable food
Vegetables are also the best food for disease resistance. These vegetables include spinach, kale, cabbage and lettuce. They contain a lot of vitamins, minerals, beta carotene, vitamin C, folic acid, iron, magnesium, carotenoids, phytochemicals, antioxidants. A Harvard study found that eating foods high in magnesium, such as spinach, can reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
Five, whole grain foods
Whole grains include the nutrients that are refined from refined cereals. These ingredients contain elements such as folic acid, selenium and vitamin B, which are beneficial to heart health. These elements can also control your weight and reduce the risk of diabetes. The fiber content makes you feel hungry at the time between meals, and it also promotes your digestion.
Eat at least three portions of whole cereal every day: whole wheat; barley; rye; millet; Chenopodium album; brown rice; wild rice and whole wheat pasta, bread, bread and cereals. According to the American Dietetic Association, the recommended daily intake of fiber is 21-38 grams. Of course, the specific intake depends on your gender and age.
Six, sweet potato
If you want to improve your diet, you should add sweet potatoes to your diet. This sweet food contains a lot of antioxidants, phytochemicals, including beta carotene; vitamin C and E; folic acid; calcium; copper; iron; and potassium. The fiber in sweet potato promotes the health of the digestive tract. Antioxidants play a role in the prevention of heart disease and cancer.
The natural sweetness of sweet potatoes makes instant sweet potatoes still delicious without adding any seasoning.
Seven, tomatoes
The red tomatoes are full of scent and lycopene - an antioxidant that can help prevent certain cancers. Tomatoes also provide rich vitamin A and C, potassium and phytochemicals. It's good to eat tomatoes at every meal. You can eat raw food, cooked food, sliced food and so on. You can use it as a snack. Spinach and cheese and tomatoes can make a delicious dish.
Eight. Beans
This kind of food is very nutritious, they contain a lot of phytochemicals; no fat, high quality protein; folic acid; fiber; iron, magnesium and a small amount of calcium.Legumes are good food for protein, and they are also the best choice for low calorie vegetarian dishes.
Regularly eat some beans and make a good diet plan to help you reduce the possibility of certain cancers, reduce the levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in your blood, and stabilize your blood sugar. From beans, you usually don't get a lot of calories, so beans can play a big role in helping you control your weight.
Nine, nuts
We all know nuts contain a lot of fat. But nuts are a healthy food. Nuts are also a good choice if you want to get lots of protein, fiber, selenium, vitamin E and vitamin A.
A small number of nuts can increase energy and overcome hunger, and help dieters to eat normally. Of course, nuts contain a lot of calories, and you can't help eating too much nuts when you are careless.
Ten, eggs
The results showed that saturated fat (very low in eggs) played a more important role in raising cholesterol in our blood than cholesterol.

Vaccinated by rats should also be vaccinated.

Recently, my center animal bites clinic has received many people who were bitten by rats. "When you sleep, your thumb hurts suddenly, and something leapt over. It's a rat!"Speaking of the process of being bitten last night, Mr. Liu has a lingering fear: "thumb has been bitten by a hole, as if by that tiny nail, it has produced a lot of blood!"
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Almost every day in summer and autumn, people who come to see a doctor are bitten by rats. Most of them were bitten from 2 a.m. to 5 a.m., toes, heels and fingers were the main parts of the bite. These patients often live in rural areas or dormitories, cottages, sheds, etc., with poor hygienic conditions. Rats are frequent. Rice, noodles and snacks are often eaten by rats. Although they are often harassed by rats, they do not care much about them. They also seldom take preventive measures against rats.
Most dogs are caught and bitten by dogs, but most of them know that they should be vaccinated with rabies virus quickly, but few people will know how to deal with it. Rats can spread many diseases. The public should pay attention to environmental hygiene and actively exterminate rats. Once they are bitten by rats, they need to wash their wounds quickly and follow the doctor's advice to vaccinate them. Some simple ways can be used to prevent rats and rodents: do environmental hygiene, remove weeds around the houses, and pile up items randomly to prevent rats from nesting.
In the sewer's entrance and entrance, the wire mesh with a diameter of less than 1 centimeters and a 30~50 cm high iron sheet under the door can be shut out. Cutting off the food source of mice is the best way to prevent rats: storing food, feed, garbage, food scraps and so on in a covered and seamless container, so that mice can not find food and eat poison bait, so as to achieve the purpose of deratization. It is particularly necessary to remind that snacks purchased, especially those that have been opened or bulk, should not be placed at tea tables, sofas, bedside cabinets, etc., preferably stored in refrigerators or stored in plastic storage boxes with cover, so as not to become attractive baits for attracting rats.
If you are bitten by a mouse, you should immediately wash and rinse all bites and scratching wounds with at least 20% minutes of soapy water (or other weak alkaline cleaners) and certain pressure flowing water. At least 15 minutes (when the wound is washed, increase the water pressure), then rinse the wound with normal saline (or pure water instead), and use sterile gauze or clean towel to suck away the residual liquid in the wound, so as to avoid soaping water or detergent in the wound.
Conditionally available 2%~3% iodine (Dian Fu) or 75% alcohol is used to wipe the wound, then immediately go to the regular animal bite clinic for further treatment, and follow the doctor's advice to decide whether to vaccinated against rabies virus or hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. If inoculation is not available on the day, vaccination is still beneficial to prevent rabies and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome.